Part III 阅读理解

Passage One

Does your mouth water when you think of biscuits, cakes and French fries? Many people prefer junk food like these to healthy food because they developataste for it. Processed, baked, and fried foods often containahigh amount of trans fats. Trans fats raise bad cholesterol (胆固醇) and lower the good cholesterol that your body needs.

Fatty foods do more than cause obesity. Trans fats build up in the body and block blood flow to the heart. People whose diet containsahigh percentage of trans fats are at risk of developing heart disease or havingastroke. Food companies and restaurants choose to use trans fat oils because they're cheap and make food last longer.

They also improve the taste and texture of food. Trans fats became very popular in the second half of the 20th century. This is around the time when butter gotabad name for its cholesterol levels. People were told to use margarine（人造黄油）containing trans fats instead because it was "healthier", but we now know that butter is actually the healthier option.

Today doctors know how dangerous processed foods like margarine can be. In countries such as the US and Canada there are new government restrictions on food production. Food and beverage makers must attach aNutrition Fact label to their products. These list daily recommendations and detail all the ingredients inaproduct, trans fats if they're used.

In 2007 New York City banned trans fats from all restaurants. Even fast food chains such as McDonald's are being forced to change their recipes as people become more health-conscious. In Europe, food manufacturers have started using labels that clearly show how healthy each product is according toasimple rating system.

We all need some fat in our diet. There are three different types of fats: saturated fats, trans fats, and unsaturated fats. Doctors recommend that we get most of our fatty calories from unsaturated fats. Neither butter nor margarine fit in this category, though there are some spreads that contain zero trans fats.

Labels areagood way to avoid eating fatty foods that are dangerous for your health. Another way is to avoid eating out. When shopping for groceries, buy the majority of your goods in the fresh food aisles.

21. Trans fats may do the following to the body EXCEPT .

    1. putting on weight
    2. raising good cholesterol
    3. causing heart attack
    4. blocking blood vessels

    答案 B

22. Butter was once not popular because people believed .

    1. it wasn't worth the price
    2. it didn't make food last long
    3. it had high cholesterol level
    4. it affected the taste of food

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是黄油曾经不受欢迎的原因。根据定位段最 后一句"This is around the time when butter gotabad name for its cholesterol levels…"可知，黄油不受欢迎是因为胆固醇水平,暗示黄油胆固醇含量高。故 选C。

23. It is not likely to see food with trans fats at restaurants in .

    1. America
    2. Canada
    3. Europe
    4. New York City

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是在哪里的餐馆不可能看到含有反式脂肪的 食物。根据定位句可知，纽约市已经禁止所有的餐馆提供反式脂肪的食物。

24. To cater to health-conscious customers, European food manufacturers .

    1. recommend daily intake of nutrients
    2. have abandoned the use of trans fat oils
    3. rate the nutrition level of each product
    4. have adjusted the ingredients in the food

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是为了迎合关注健康的顾客，欧洲的食品生 产商做了什么。通过定位句可知,欧洲的食品生产商会根据一个简单的分级体 系标出每种食品的健康程度。与C 选项"对每种产品进行营养分级"意思相 符。

25. To eat healthily, people are advised to .

    1. pay attention to the ingredients
    2. avoid foods containing fats
    3. buy processed and packaged food
    4. choose margarine instead of butter

    答案 A

    推理题。题目问的是要吃得更健康,建议人们怎么做。根据最后 一段第一句"We all need some fat in our diet."可判断B选项"避免含脂肪的 食物"不正确。根据文章首段的"Processed，baked,and fried foods often containahigh amount of trans fats.以及尾段的"When shopping for groceries buy the majority of your goods in the fresh food aisles."可以判断C选项"购买 加工和包装的食物"不是文章所建议的健康饮食。根据第三段中"…but we now know that butter is actually the healthier option"以及最后段"Doctors recommend that we get m

Passage Two

When you'reateenager with little life experience, it's easy to build your entire life around what other people think. It can feel normal to let your friends' idea of what's cool dictate the clothes you wear, how you behave yourself, and even the the music you like. While this pressure is sometimes internal, teenagers are known for making each other feel ashamed if they don't conform to social norms.

And as we all know, young adults can be absolutely brutal in how they treat each other not only those who are different, but even those who try really hard to fit in. Sadly, adulthood isn't alwaysawhole lot better in this respect. Not only will you experience pressure to look your best, but you'll be forced to either keep up with or ignore the Joneses all throughout adulthood.

That's right. Even adulthood has its groups of cool kids, rich kids, outsiders, and rebels. And sometimes, the way someone else spends their money can make you feel like you should be doing the same thing, too. After all, most people still want to fit in; it doesn't matter whether they're 15 or 50.

But, should you give in to peer pressure and waste your hard-earned dollars? The opportunities to spend money as an adult are nearly limitless, but they will drain your bank account if you give in every time. And at the end of the day, keeping up with your friends as an adult is just as pointless as it was in high school.

Adulthood isajourney, notarace. Those who collect the most material possessions don't earnaprize—no ribbon, nothing. So, why does it feel like we need to compete? Because every commercial on television, online, and the radio is aimed at getting us to spend our money. Every ad campaign on Earth was created to convince us that what we have is not enough, and that we need this item or that service and that we're depriving ourselves or our families if we don't buy it.

Don't believe the hype(大肆宣传). You have nothing to prove, and you'll bealot better off if you ignore the commercials, your friends, and do what is best for you.

26. What does the author say about teenagers?

    1. They try to gain more life experience.
    2. They are easily influenced by others.
    3. They prefer to live their own way.
    4. They show others that they're mature.

    答案 B

    细节题。题目问的是作者对于年轻人的看法。通过定位句可知， 作者认为年轻人很容易受别人影响。

27. How may young adults treat each other, according to the passage?

    1. They may support each other in the face of challenges.
    2. They may ignore those who don't join their groups.
    3. They may fight with each other for opportunities.
    4. They may be cruel to those who are different.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是根据文章所说,年轻人会如何对待彼此。根 据定位句可知年轻人在对待彼此的方式上是绝对残酷的(brutal)。

28. It is stated in the passage that most adults .

    1. leadabetter life than before
    2. ignore the fashion trends
    3. still suffer from peer pressure
    4. live in constant fear of competition

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是文章中说的大多数成年人根据定位句可 知，在整个成年期，你不仅会感受到让自己看起来最好的压力，而且你会被 迫要么赶上要么忽视与你攀比的人。与C项符合。第二段首句说"成年期并不 总是更好的",可知A项错误。B项"会无视流行趋势"，与文章内容不符。D 项"一直生活在竞争的恐惧中",文章没有提到害怕和恐惧。

29. Why do adults compete for more material possessions?

    1. Spending money brings them pleasure.
    2. Material wealth reflects their social status.
    3. Commercials encourage their consumption.
    4. Competition brings out the best in them.

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是成年人要争夺更多的物质财富的原因。根 据定位句及后面内容可知,大家是受到广告的影响,让我们为了各种东西或服务 而付费,让我们相信:如果不买就是被剥夺了拥有商品和服务的权利。

30. What is the author's attitude towards commercials?

    1. Negative.
    2. Positive.
    3. Neutral.
    4. Objective.

    答案 A

    态度题。题目问的是作者对广告的态度。根据最后两段,作者认 为我们对物质财富的不断追求,都是广告的大肆宣传让我们觉得我们拥有的总 是不够。尤其最后一段第一句"Don't believe the hype."呼吁我们不要相信这 种广告炒作，不受周围的影响会过得更好，可见作者对广告是不支持的态度。

Passage Three

Psychology studies reveal that most people taking exercise will choose their preferred sport based on their personality. If someone is introverted (内向的), patient or calm, they will most likely choose tennis, golf, orasport where they can practice and play on their own. By contrast, those individuals who are outspoken, competitive or aggressive, will prefer contact sports or team sports.

Sinceavery early age, children are often seen experimenting with different types of sports—soccer, basketball, baseball, swimming, tennis, etc. —until they decide to keep practicing the sport at which they are more skillful and with which they feel more comfortable. They have the character and motivation to train, practice, and even compete in this sport.

Here there isadirect relationship between the individual personality and the nature of the sport of their choosing. Interestingly, participating inaspecific type of sport might also have some influence on an individual's personality. For example, we have recently seenadramatic increase in obesity among teenagers, and adults in the US.

This might be caused byavast array of personal, professional, cultural, or even health problems or conditions. However, it is up to the individual to chooseamuch healthier regime and therefore, embark on developingaseries of new personality traits, which will help him or her lose weight and becomeahealthier individual.

A few decades ago, a sixty-year-old individual might have been consideredavery old, fragile, and evenasick person with justafew more years to liveasomewhat good, conservative life. Nowadays, we have seenadramatic change in this perception. More than ever, we are looking at healthier stronger, and very motivated sixty, seventy, and even eighty-year-old individuals.

No doubt sports have helped shape this new personality and approach adopted by the senior population. Exercise and sports most certainly bringanew meaning to their lives, particularly because they live and experience the benefits of exercising onadaily basis. Therefore, their personalities and psychological state are most likely completely different from that sixty-year-old senior stereotypeafew decades ago.

31. What is the main topic of this passage?

    1. How to choose the right sport
    2. The nature of sports activities
    3. Sport and the aging society
    4. Personality and sport

    答案 D

    主旨题。根据第一段及后面各段的段首句可知，本文重点在讨 论体育运动与个人个性及个人状态塑造的关系。

32. Individuals will most likely chooseatype of sport that .

    1. makes them feel most comfortable
    2. has fewer demands and requirements
    3. can make the most of their potentials
    4. enables them to compete with others

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是个人更可能选择的运动类型。根据定位句 可知，个人最终可能选择的体育运动往往是个人擅长和感觉舒服的运动。故 选D。

33. How do children practise sports at an early age according to the passage?

    1. They keep practisingasport till they are skilled at it.
    2. They engage inasport that their parents choose for them.
    3. They take up any sport without obvious difficulties.
    4. They try different sports till they find one suitable for them.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是根据文章内容，儿童在小时候是如何进行 体育锻炼的。根据定位句可知，从儿童小时候开始，就要经常尝试不同类型 的体育运动。

34. The author mentions the increase in obesity among Americans to .

    1. illustrate the effect of sports on personality
    2. analyze the causes for this social problem
    3. give some advice onahealthy lifestyle
    4. highlight the importance of psychological traits

    答案 A

    推理题。题目问的是作者提到美国肥胖人数增加的目的。根据 第三段首句可知，作者在本段强调了体育锻炼和个性培养之间的关系。在提 到肥胖人数增加的例子后，作者得出结论"Here there isadirect relationship between the individual personality and the nature of the sport of their choosing."建 议人们选择更健康的生活方式，进而说明段落中心：用体育锻炼培养新的人 格特征。

35. It is stated in the last paragraph that senior people .

    1. are often associated with weakness and sickness
    2. are livingamore meaningful life than before
    3. have some doubt about the value of sports
    4. have seen the changes in their own personality

    答案 D

    推理题。题目问的是最后一段中提到老年人______。最后一段 将几十年前的老年人与现在的老年人做对比，强调现在的老年人体验到了锻 炼给他们的性格和心理状态带来的好处。

Passage Four

It is hard to imagine humans spending their lives in virtual reality (VR) when the experience amounts to waving your arms about in the middle of the lounge withadevice strapped to your face. But this is where humanity is heading. Chalmers, an Australian professor of philosophy and neural science at New York University, makes the case to embrace VR in his new book, Reality+.

Renowned for explaining "the hard problem" of consciousness, Chalmers sees technology reaching the point where virtual and physical are sensorily the same and people live good lives in VR. In the decades ahead, Chalmers suspects we will replace the clunky headsets with brain-computer interfaces that allow us to experience virtual worlds with our full suite of senses.

With advances in computing—in the next century, perhaps—those worlds would seem as real as the physical world around us. "A common way of thinking about virtual realities is that they're somehow fake abilities. I think that's wrong," he explained. "The virtual worlds we're interacting with can be as real as our ordinary physical world." On the point of philosophy, Chalmers argues that even today's virtual worlds are real.

A conversation in VR isareal conversation. The objects in the virtual world too, just made of bits instead of electrons. "Most of the factors that make life meaningful are going to be there in virtual worlds," he says. But there are plenty of risks to be cautious of, he notes. As fulfilling as virtual worlds may become, people will need real food, drink and exercise, and perhaps even the glimpse of daylight, to keep their bodies from fading away.

The risks may be trivial for decades yet, but a gradual trend towards virtual living could eventually raise new health issues. These are not the only health hazards. Some people have raised serious concerns about the risk of psychological damage: if we are better looking and have better clothes andanicer home in the meta verse (元 宇宙), how we feel when we leave?

The lure of VR might also cause neglect onaglobal scale, Chalmers concedes. Would climate change and other crises facing the physical world lose their urgency? That would be a disaster, he says, "Physical reality is really important. We've got to keepagrounding in it and treat it well."

36. Why does the author mention "device strapped to your face" in Paragraph 1?

    1. To introduce the latest advance in virtual technology.
    2. To describeanovel approach to pursuing virtual reality.
    3. To emphasizeaphysical barrier to enjoying virtual reality.
    4. To demonstrate the necessity of wearingavirtual device.

    答案 A

    推理题。题目问的是作者在第一段提到"device strapped to your face" 的原因。第一段作者表示很难想象把一个设备绑在脸上挥动手臂，在虚拟世界度 过一生。由此可见作者对这样的虚拟世界感到神奇。所以这里提到绑在脸上的设 备是为了介绍关于虚拟技术的一项最新进展。

37. According to Chalmers, virtual reality .

    1. is fake reality
    2. is genuine reality
    3. derives from physical reality
    4. has various definitions

    答案 B

    细节题。题目问的是查尔默斯认为虚拟现实——。根据第四段 查尔默说的话,可知他认为虚拟现与普通的物理世界一样真实。只有B选项与他 的表达相符，

38. Which of the following isasource of psychological damage?

    1. Lack of physical exercise due to virtual living.
    2. The gap between the physical and virtual worlds.
    3. Inadequate contact with friends in the physical world.
    4. Not enough exposure to sunlight in the physical world.

    答案 B

    推理题。题目问的是下列哪项是心理伤害的来源。根据定位句 可知，人们对在虚拟世界会带来的心理问题的顾虑是:虚拟世界一切都是美好 的,那离开虚拟世界人们会怎样呢?暗示担心现实与虚拟世界的差距,人们能否 合理适应。

39. What impact might VR have on fighting global warming?

    1. It might speed up global warming.
    2. It might offer an alternative solution.
    3. It might encourage people to solve it.
    4. It might distract people from the issue.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问是虚拟现实可能对应对全球气候变暖有什么影 响。根据定位句可知,人们在虚拟现实世界中,像全球气候变暖以及其他目前 现实世界面临的危机将变得不再紧迫。与D选项吻合。

40. What is the main idea of the passage?

    1. VR creates another world, but with potential problems.
    2. The future of VR is unfolding and quite promising.
    3. VR will replace physical reality in the decades to come.
    4. People's view of VR evolves with the passage of time.

    答案 A

    主旨题。根据全文,作者借助查尔默斯的观点,既对虚拟现实世界 与物理世界做了对比,指出其趋势,同时也指出其发展可能会带来的不能忽视的 问题。A选项涵盖了所有内容,表达最全面、准确。

Blog and Comments

The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Likealot of people, for many years Isaid yes to things Ididn't want to do. This was a combination of conditioning — vague fear of missing out and basic conflict avoidance.

It seemed to me there was no easy way to turn things down without causing offence. All we had, growing up, as the saying "Just say no" — a slogan so useless that it becameauniversally recognized and decades-long joke. A lot has changed since then. In the past 10 years, a language has developed, mainly from social justice and feminist movements, to describe the states of discomfort and the right we have to resist them.

My favourite, and by far the most useful, of the new phrase is "I'm not comfortable with that." It can get you out of almost anything. My other favourite word is "boundaries". One can ditch disagreeable people these days via use of the word "boundaries" while escaping any feelings of guilt.

Another one, "emotional labour", was coined in the 1980s to describe service industry jobs that required the faking ofacheerful behavior to satisfy customers. This involves suppressing emotions, such as anger or sadness, which is bound to takeatoll on you and could even lead to burnout.

It doesn't mean that now. You can bolt that phrase on to almost any situation, conversation or obligation you'd rather not be involved in. Being able to politely back out of something without tying yourself in knots is useful, particularly for women socialized to comply（遵从）.

41. What does the author think of the advice "Just say no"?

    1. Aggressive but effective.
    2. Useful but impolite.
    3. Confusing and improper.
    4. Impractical and unhelpful.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是作者对"Just say no"这一建议的看法。根 据题干关键词Just say no 定位到第一段最后一句可知，作者认为这只是个无用 的口号和长达数十年的笑话。

42. Which of the following is true about "emotional labour"?

    1. It isatrick for performingatask.
    2. The person in power often bears its burden.
    3. Constant emotional labour can be exhausting.
    4. It applies most frequently to the service industry.

    答案 C

    推理题。题目问的是关于"emotional labour"的描述哪一个是正 确的。A 选项"为执行任务而采用的技巧"，下文提到不想参与的事情都可以 称之为"情绪劳动"，不单指为完成某项任务。B 选项"有权势者要承担其负 担"不对，当权者如果不做自己不需要做的事情，就不会有"情绪劳动"。C 选项"持续的情绪劳动会让人筋疲力尽"，因为要压抑情绪，与第三段倒数 第三句"甚至可能导致精疲力竭"符合。D 选项"它最常用于服务行业"不准 确，因为从第三段最后两句能看出，情绪劳动也可用于更多场合。

43. What does the phrase "tying yourself in knots" ( Para. 4) mean?

    1. Becoming upset.
    2. Offending others.
    3. Losing control.
    4. Acting strangely.

    答案 A

    推理题。题自问的是第四段中"tying yourself in knots"的意思。 knot 是绳子打的结。所谓不把自己绑在绳结里,结合本句"从一些事情中抽身出 来"，可见"without tying yourself in knots"是不让自己不舒服，所以tying yourself in knots 是让自己不舒服。

44. Which comment disagrees with the author's choice of new phrases?

    1. Comment 2.
    2. Comment 3.
    3. Comment 4.
    4. Comment 5.

    答案 C

    推理题。题目问的是哪一个评论不同意作者选用的新短语。前面短 文提到了这个新短语是"我对此感到不舒服。"评论4说：生活就是妥协，如果独 处时还可以用到这个短语，但跟别人交往时，这样说就会造成麻烦。

45. Which comments agree with the author on the female tendency to comply?

    1. Comment1and Comment 3.
    2. Comment2and Comment 4.
    3. Comment1and Comment 5.
    4. Comment4and Comment 5.

    答案 C

    推理题。题目问的是哪些评论同意作者关于女性顺从倾向的观点。 评论1指出"对何事情都说'好的'是大多数女性的特点"，评论5说"女性在很 小的时候学会了照顾别人,而男性则很大方地把自己放在首位"，这两点都从侧面 说明女性比较容易顺从别人。