Part III 阅读理解

Passage One

Sometimesarace is not enough. Sometimesarunner just wants to go further. That's what happened to Dennis Martin and Brooke Curran. Martin, 68, a retired detective from New York City, took up running after his first wife died. Curran, 46, a philanthropist(慈善家) from Alexandria, started running to get out of the house and collect her thoughts.

Both she and Martin got good at running but felt the desire to do more. "The more Itrained, the better Igot." Curran said, "but Iwould cross the finish line with no sense of accomplishment." Eventually, they worked up to running marathons (马拉松) (and longer races) in other countries, on other continents.

Now both have achievedanotable—and increasingly less rate — milestone: running the 26.2-mile race on all seven continents. They are part ofaphenomenon that has grown out of the running culture in the past two decades, at the intersection of athleticism and leisure: "runcations," which combine distance running with travel to exotic places.

These trips, as expensive as they are physically challenging, areagrowing and competitive market in the travel industry. "In the beginning, running was enough," said Steen Albrechtsen, a press manager. "The classic marathon was the ultimate goal, then came the super marathons, like London and New York.

But when 90,000 peopleayear can take that challenge, it is no longer exciting and adventurous. Hence, the search for new adventures began." "No one could ever have imagined that running would become the lifestyle activity that it is today," said Thom Gilligan, founder and president of Boston-based Marathon Tours and Travel.

Gilligan, who has been in business since 1979, is partly responsible for the sevencontinent phenomenon. It started withacasual talk to an interviewer about his company offering trips to every continent except Antarctica. And then in 1995, Marathon Tours hosted its first Antarctica Marathon on King George Island.

Off the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, 160 runners got to the starting line ofadirt-and ice-trail route via aRussian icebreaker through the Drake Passage.

21. At the beginning, Martin took up running just to .

    1. meet requirements of his job
    2. winarunning race
    3. join inaphilanthropic activity
    4. get away from his sadness

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是在一开始Martin 开始跑步的目的是 。 文章第二段第一句已经交代出他开始跑步是在第一任妻子去世之后。本 题D 选项的意思是"摆脱悲伤",与文义相符，

22. Martin and Curran are mentioned as good examples of .

    1. winners in the 26.2-mile race on all seven continents
    2. people who enjoy long running asalifestyle activity
    3. running racers satisfied with their own performance
    4. old people who live an active life after retirement

    答案 B

    推断题。题目问的是Martin 和Curran 是作为 例子举出来 的。根据文章第二段，我们可以判断出他们俩由于种种原因不满足于跑步本 身，想通过跑步来获得更多满足。B选项的意思是"他们都把跑步作为一种生活 方式在享受",与题意相符，

23. A new trend in the travel industry is the development of .

    1. challenging runcations
    2. professional races
    3. Antarctica travel market
    4. expensive tours

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是旅游业的新趋势是 。根据定位句我 们可以得知，马拉松跑步已经变成了旅游业的新兴增长点，本题A选项的意思 是"具有挑战力的跑步运动",与文义相符，

24. The classic marathon no longer satisfies some people because .

    1. it does not provide enough challenge
    2. it may be tough and dangerous
    3. it involves too fierceacompetition
    4. it has attracted too many people

    答案 A

    推断题。题目问经典马拉松不再让人们满足的原因是 。 根据第五段最后两句我们得知，当超过九万人可以参加这项运动以后，它就 变得没什么挑战力了。A选项"它不再有挑战力"符合文义，

25. The first Antarctica Marathon on King George Island indicates that .

    1. international cooperation isamust to such an event
    2. runcations are expensive and physically challenging
    3. Marathon Tours isaleader of the travel industry
    4. adventurous running has become increasingly popular

    答案 D

    推断题。题目问的是首届在乔治王岛上举行的南极洲马拉松意味着 根据最后一段我们可以总结出马拉松比赛难度越来越大，越来越有挑战力，仍然吸引着人 们参加。因此选项D"冒险式的跑步变得越来越受欢迎"符合题意，

Passage Two

Before the 1970s, college students were treated as children. So many colleges ran in loco parentis system. " In loco parentis" is aLatin term meaning "in the place ofaparent." It describes when someone else accepts responsibility to act in the interests ofachild. This idea developed long ago in British common law to define the responsibility of teachers toward their students.

For years, American courts upheld in loco parentis in cases such as Gott versus Berea College in 1913. Gott ownedarestaurant off campus. Berea threatened to expel students who ate at places not owned by the school. The Kentucky high court decided that in loco parentis justified that rule.

In loco parentis meant that male and female college students usually had to live in separate buildings. Women had to be back at their dorms by ten or eleven on school nights. But in the 1960s, students began to protest rules and restrictions like these. At the same time, courts began to support students who were being punished for political and social dissent.

In 1960, Alabama State College expelled six students who took part inacivil rights demonstration. They sued the school and won. After that, it became harder and harder to defend in loco parentis. At that time, students were not considered adults until 21. Then, in 1971, the 24th amendment to the Constitution set the voting age at eighteen.

So in loco parentis no longer really applied. Slowly, colleges began to treat students not as children, but as adults. Students came to be seen as consumers of educational services. Gary Dickstein, an assistant vice president at Wright State University in Dayton, Ohio, says in loco parentis is not really gone.

It just looks different. Today's parents, he says, are often heavily involved in students' lives. They are known as "helicopter parents." They always seem to hover over their children. Gary Dickstein says these parents are likely to question decisions, especially about safety issues and grades.

They want to make sure their financial investment is not being wasted.

26. Before the 1970s, many colleges ran in loco parentis system because .

    1. they could take the place of the students' parents
    2. parents asked them to do it for the interests of their children
    3. this wasatradition established by British colleges
    4. college students were regarded as too young to be treated as adults

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是在20世纪70年代前，许多大学生都受制于 替代家长系统是因为 。文章开头第一句已经指出那时大学生还被认为是 孩子。D选项"大学生被认为太年轻不能算作成年人"符合文义，

27. Who won the case of Gott versus Berea College in 1913?

    1. Berea College.
    2. Gott.
    3. It wasawin-win case.
    4. The students.

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是1913年谁在Gott 对Berea 学院一案中赢了。 文章第三段明确指出法院是根据替代家长系统做出裁决，因此作为家长方的学 院获得胜利，

28. The word "dissent" (Para.5) probably means " ".

    1. extreme behaviors
    2. violation of laws
    3. strong disagreement
    4. wrong doings

    答案 C

    释义题。题目问的是第五段中的"dissent"的意思。根据第五段 文义，C选项"强烈的异议"符合文义，

29. In 1960, the court ruled that Alabama State College .

    1. had no right to expel the students
    2. was justified to have expelled the students
    3. shouldn't interfere with students' daily life
    4. should support civil rights demonstrations

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是在1960年，法院判定亚拉巴马州立大学 。 我们先找到文章第六段提到该大学的地方，由定位句判断C选项"不应干涉学 生日常生活"符合题意。

30. According to Gary Dickstein, today's " helicopter parents" .

    1. don't set their hearts at rest with college administrators
    2. keepawatchful eye on their children's life and study
    3. care less about their children's education than before
    4. have different opinions on their children's education

    答案 B

    细节题。题目问的是根据Gary Dickstein,当今的空降家长 。 根据定位句，空降家长开始监督学生行为，因此B选项"监管学生生活和学习" 符合文义，

Passage Three

We tend to think of plants as the furniture of the natural world. They don't move, they don't make sounds, they don't seem to respond to anything—at least not very quickly. But as is often the case, our human view of the world misses quitealot. Plants talk to each other all the time.

And the language is chemical. Over the years, scientists have reported that different types of plants, from trees to tomatoes, release compounds into the air to help neighboring plants. These chemical warnings all have the same purpose—to spread information about one plant's disease so other plants can defend themselves.

But exactly how plants receive and act on many of these signals is still mysterious. In this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers in Japan offer some explanations. They have identified one chemical message and traced it all the way from release to action.

The scientists looked at tomato plants infested (侵害) byacommon pest, the cutworm caterpillar(毛虫). To start out, they grew plants in two plastic compartments connected by a tube. One plant was infested and placed upwind and the others were uninfested and placed downwind. The downwind plants were later exposed to the cutworm caterpillar.

The results showed that plants that had previously been near sick neighbors were able to defend themselves better against the caterpillar. The researchers also studied leaves from exposed and unexposed plants. They found one compound showed up more often in the exposed plants. The substance is called HexVic.

When the scientists fed HexVic to cutworms, it knocked down their survival rate by 17%. The scientists identified the source of HexVic, and sprayed it lightly over healthy plants. Those plants were then able to start producing the caterpillar-killing HexVic. Researchers confirmed that uninfested plants have to build their own weapon to fight off bugs and diseases.

How do they know when to play defense? They are warned first by their friendly plant neighbors. It isacomplex tale, and it may be happening in more plant species than tomatoes. It may also be happening with more chemical signals that are still unknown to us. For now though, we know that plants not only communicate, they look out for one another.

31. What does the author try to emphasize in Paragraph 1?

    1. How plants communicate is stillamystery.
    2. Enough attention has been paid to plant talk.
    3. Plants are the furniture of the natural world.
    4. Plants can communicate with each other.

    答案 D

    归纳题。题目问的是作者第一段试着强调 。文章第一段开篇 先说我们认为植物是不会反应、不会动的东西，但最后一句否定了这个观点。 因此D选项"植物之间可以互相交流"符合题意，

32. According to Paragraph 2, what remains unknown is ______.

    1. how plants receive and handle the signals from their neighbors
    2. why plants spread chemical information to their neighbors
    3. how many types of plants release compounds into the air
    4. whether plants send chemical warnings to their neighbors

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是根据第二段， 仍然是我们所不知道的。 文章第二段最后一句提到植物如何确切地接收信息执行信息仍然是个谜。A选 项"植物是如何接收邻居的信号并处理信号"符合题意，

33. The tomato plants in the experiment were ______.

    1. placed separately but connected through air
    2. exposed to different kinds of pests
    3. exposed to the pest at the same time
    4. placed together inaclosed compartment

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是试验中两株番茄的处理细节。根据文章第四 段，两株番茄是被放置在不同的容器里，但是他们通过管子相通，因此A选项 "分开放置，空气共通"符合文义，

34. The experiment shows that the infested plant helps its neighbors by ______.

    1. making more HexVic to attract the pest
    2. releasing HexVic into the air to warn them
    3. letting them know how to produce HexVic
    4. producing enough HexVic to kill the pest

    答案 B

    细节题。题目问的是实验说明遭受虫害的植物通过 来帮助邻 居。根据文章第五段前六句可知，植物会释放一种叫HexVic 的物质来警告别 的植物。因此B选项"在空气中释放HexVic来警告别的植物。"符合文义，故 选B。

35. What may be the best title for the passage?

    1. Survival of Plants
    2. Plant World
    3. Talking Plants
    4. Plant Bug Killer

    答案 C

    主旨题。题目问的是文章最适合的标题是 。本文讨论了科学 家有关植物信息传递的实验。通过实验，我们发现植物之间不仅仅会通过发送 信号进行交流，在出现威胁时，他们还会发送信号提高邻居们的警觉。C选项 "会说话的植物"符合文义，

Passage Four

Vancouver is the best place to live in the Americas, according toaquality-of-life ranking published earlier this month. The city regularly tops such indexes as its clean air, spacious homes and weekend possibilities of sailing and skiing. But its status asaliveable city is threatened by worsening congestion (拥挤).

Over the next three decades, another1million residents are expected to live in the Greater Vancouver region, adding more cars, bicycles and lorries to roads that are already struggling to serve the existing 2.3 million residents. A proposal by Vancouver' s mayor seeks to prevent the worsening conditions.

Upgrades would be made to 2,300 kilometers of road lanes, as well as bus routes and cycle paths. Four hundred new buses would join the fleet of 1,830. There would be more trains and more "seabus" ferry crossings between Vancouver and its wealthy northern suburbs. To get all that, residents must vote to accept an increase in sales tax, from 7% to 7.5%.

Polls suggest they will vote no. Everyone agrees thatamore efficient transport system is needed. Confined by mountains to the north, the United States to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west, Vancouver has spread in the only direction where there is still land, into the Fraser Valley, which justafew decades ago was mostly farmland.

The road is often overcrowded. Yet commuters' suspicion of local bureaucrats may exceed their dislike of congestion. TransLink, which runs public transport in the region, is unloved by taxpayers. Passengers blame it when Skytrain, the light-rail system, comes toastandstill because of mechanical or electrical faults, as happened twice in one week last summer, leaving commuters stuck in carriages with nothing to do but expressing their anger on Twitter.

That sort of thing has made voters less willing to pay the ＄7.5 billion in capital spending that the ten-year traffic upgrade would involve. Despite the complaints, Vancouver's transport system isadecent, well-integrated one on which to build, reckons Todd Litman, a transport consultant who has worked for TransLink.

"These upgrades are all-important if Vancouver wants to maintain its reputation for being a destination others want to go to." he says.

36. The biggest problem threatening Vancouver asaliveable city is .

    1. increasing congestion
    2. climate change
    3. shortage of land
    4. lack of money

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是对温哥华的宜居地位最大的威胁是 。 根据定位句可知，温哥华的宜居地位受到了威胁，是因为城市越来越拥挤，

37. The upgrade proposal by Vancouver's mayor may be turned down by residents because .

    1. they do not want more people to move in
    2. they are reluctant to move to new places
    3. upgrades would take away their living space
    4. upgrades would add to their financial burdens

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是温哥华市长提出的升级建议可能会被市民 们反对是因为 。根据定位句可知，升级交通系统就意味着要加税，所以 人们不愿意，

38. The only direction for Vancouver to further expand is towards .

    1. the east
    2. the west
    3. the south
    4. the north

    答案 A

    推断题。题目问的是温哥华进一步开发的唯一方向是向着 。 由定位句可知，温哥华的北边有山，南边邻美国，西边有海，所以只能往东 边扩展，

39. TransLink is mentioned (Para. 4) as an example of .

    1. world famous transport companies
    2. local residents' complaints about the bureaucrats
    3. local effort to improve public transport
    4. worsening traffic congestion

    答案 B

    细节题。题目问的是TransLink是作为一个 例子被提到的。 定位句说，人们抱怨政府和管理者，后面提到TransLink公司是作为论据，

40. According to Todd Litman, the upgrade proposal .

    1. will solve the traffic problem
    2. will benefit local economy
    3. satisfies the transport company
    4. deserves public support

    答案 D

    推断题。题目问的是根据Todd Litman可知，升级建议 。定 位句说，如果温哥华想要维持它那人们最向往之地的名声的话，这种交通系 统的升级是极其重要的，所以他认为人们应该支持政府升级交通系统，

Blog and Comments

The blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. Towards the end of the 1990s, more thanadecade andahalf after Diet Coke was first introduced, sale of Coca Cola' s best-selling low caloric drink appeared to slow down.

However, in the decade that followed, diet sodas grew by more than 30 percent. In 2009, sales pushed above $8.5 billion for the first time. But America's thirst for Diet Coke is running dry again—and this time it could be for good. The diet soda slowdown isn't merely an American thing—it's also happening worldwide.

But the future of diet colas is particularly cloudy in the United States. Low calorie sodas are fightingahard battle against not one but two trends among American consumers. The first is that overall soda consumption has been on the decline since before 2000. Diet sodas, though they might come sugar- and calorie-free, are still sodas, something Americans are proving less and less interested in drinking.

The second, and perhaps more significant trend, isagrowing mistrust of artificial sweeteners (甜味剂). "Consumers' attitudes towards sweeteners have really changed." said Howard Telford, an industry analyst. "there's avery negative perception about artificial sweeteners. The industry is still trying to get its head around this."

41. What do we know about diet soda sale?

    1. It began to undergoagradual drop starting from 2000.
    2. It was on the decline since the 1990s but is on the rise now.
    3. It reached its peak in the 2000s but began to drop since then.
    4. It has been decreasing since the 1990s.

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是低糖汽水的销售情况。由定位到可得知， 汽水销售量在2009年达到高峰，但之后就再次下降，而这种下降是永久性的。

42. What does the author think of the prospects of diet soda sale?

    1. It will continue to drop.
    2. It will get better soon.
    3. It is hard to say for sure.
    4. It may have ups and downs.

    答案 C

    态度题。题目问的是作者认为低糖汽水的销售前景怎么样。由 定位句可知，低糖汽水的未来是模糊的、不清楚的，即未来是怎样无法确定，

43. Which comment givesapersonal reason for quitting diet colas?

    1. Comment 5.
    2. Comment 4.
    3. Comment 3.
    4. Comment 1.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是哪个评论给出了戒掉喝无糖汽水的个人理 由。定位句的评论1说：我以前也是很爱喝无糖汽水，但是现在完全戒掉了。 我真的认为喝汽水是上瘾的，我很高兴我再也不想喝它了。

44. Which comment supports the author's point of view?

    1. Comment 2.
    2. Comment 3.
    3. Comment 4.
    4. Comment 5.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是哪个评论支持了作者的观点。由第四段最 后一句可知，人们因为健康意识不愿意喝含糖、含热量的饮料。这即为作者 的观点。而后面的评论中只有评论5也是表达的这种观点。

45. Which comments disagree with the author on the cause of soda sale slowdown?

    1. Comment3and Comment 5.
    2. Comment2and Comment 4.
    3. Comment1and Comment 4.
    4. Comment2and Comment 3.

    答案 B

    细节题。题目问的是哪个评论不赞成作者对于汽水销售量降低 的原因分析。文中作者认为，汽水销售量降低的原因是因为人们越来越关注 健康问题。而评论2认为其原因是价格的上涨，评论4认为其原因是其他饮料 的流行，这两个评论均与作者的观点并不一致，