Part III 阅读理解

Passage One

The rising popularity of having goods delivered directly to one's doorstep has come with increased attention on another phenomenon: porch theft. In communities across the country, residents have expressed concern about stolen packages. Now, lawmakers around the country are aiming to crack down on it.

Brookhaven police has launched "Operation Plugged In", a program that allows residents and businesses to register their private surveillance( 监控)cameras with the department, so that police can request video contents ifacrime occurs inacertain area. Hundreds of individuals and businesses have registered their cameras as part of the program.

This technology has made policing quicker and easier, said Jacob Kissel, an officer at the Brookhaven police department. "We used to go out and knock on everybody's door after a crime happened. Now we can pull upamap and there are bullet points of all of our registered residents with cameras", he added.

That allows police to simply pick up the phone and ask residents: "Can you look at your system? Is there anything that you may be able to provide us?" Scholars who study surveillance and package theft raise concerns around the widespread use of technology to catch package thieves, however.

For instance, facial recognition technology has been known to misidentify people with darker skin tones. One research has also shown that predominantly white neighborhoods use doorbell cameras and related platforms more frequently than their non-white counterparts, and may often use these platforms to practice "racial gatekeeping", which can lead to increased policing of communities of color.

Lawmakers say the new laws making package theftafelony reflect the deep concerns of their constituents. But it's unclear whether residents truly feel that strongly about the issue. One Brookhaven resident said his package was stolen last year and it was notabig deal. Since the incidents last fall, package theft has not been an issue in the community, and he was surprised to hear that police were buildingafelony case around the thefts."I honestly think that'salittle extreme, " said Sabah Khandaker, another Brookhaven resident." A lot of the resources go into finding someone that has stolenapackage.

They could be reallocated somewhere else."

21. Operation Plugged In" allows the police to .

    1. use the videos from registered cameras
    2. check on the residents with cameras
    3. install more surveillance cameras
    4. require residents to register their cameras

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是"插电行动"能够让警察做什么。第二段 的第二句逗号后面的内容就是对"插电行动的解释",说明该计划允许居民和 企业在警察局注册他们的私人监控摄像头，这样当某个地区发生犯罪事件时， 警方就可以通过提供的视频内容来了解犯罪经过。

22. What is Paragraph4mainly concerned with?

    1. Violation of privacy.
    2. Racial discrimination.
    3. Abuse of technology.
    4. Policing efficiency.

    答案 B

    主旨题。题目问的是第四段主要关注的问题。第四段是转折段， 与前文使用监控带来的好处不同，这一段开头就提到了研究学者对于这项技 术的广泛使用表达了担忧，后面通过举例提出使用技术进行监视和防包裹盗 窃可能会带来的种族问题。因此，第四段主要是关于监控使用可能会带来的 问题，即种族歧视，

23. The word "felony" (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to .

    1. minor offense
    2. dishonest behavior
    3. immoral conduct
    4. serious crime

    答案 D

    词汇题。题目问的是第五段中的单词"felony"与四个选项中 哪个意思最接近。根据第五段第二句开头的转折连词but,可知后面居民的反 应与lawmaker 的做法持不同的意见。根据该段后面居民的反馈"it was not a big deal""he was surprised to hear that….""I honestly think that'salittle extreme"均可以推断出立法者应该对偷盗包裹案件非常重视，给出了严厉的 惩罚。故"felony"的意思应与D选项相符。

24. What does Khandak think of the crackdown on package thefts?

    1. It will turn out rewarding.
    2. It hurts resident relationships.
    3. It seems to be an overreaction.
    4. It will achieve the intended effect.

    答案 C

    推理题。题目问的是坎达克尔对打击包裹盗窃有何看法。根据 定位句"….I honestly think that'salittle extreme….",坎达克尔认为立法者的 做法有点极端，与C选项的意思相符。

25. What is the author's tone discussing package thefts?

    1. Ironic.
    2. Objective.
    3. Relieved.
    4. Humorous

    答案 B

    态度题。题目问的是作者在讨论包裹盗窃时的语气。作者在讨 论这个问题时，只是客观地在陈述这个现象，以及立法者及居民对这一事件 的反应。作者是站在客观陈述的角度。

Passage Two

There isaconcept in the psychological literature known as locus of control that is unfamiliar to most people, even though once defined, is commonly understood. Locus of control is an individuals belief system regarding the causes of his or her experiences and the factors to which that person attributes success or failure.

This concept is usually divided into two categories: internal and external. Ifaperson has an internal locus of control, that person attributes success to his or her own efforts and abilities. A person with an external locus of control, by contrast, often attributes his or her success to luck or fate and will be less likely to make the effort needed to learn.

This is not to say that an internal locus of control is "good" and an external locus of control is "bad." There are other variables to be considered. However, psychological research has found that people withamore internal locus of control seem to be better off, e.g., they tend to be more achievement-oriented and get better-paying jobs.

Locus of control is often viewed as an inborn personality component. However, there is also evidence that it is shaped by childhood experiences—including children's interactions with their parents. Children who were raised by parents who encouraged their independence and helped them to learn the connection between actions and their consequences tended to haveamore well-developed internal locus of control.

The benefits of this were specified inaresearch study that looked at the potential health effects of the locus of control trait. Researchers found that of more than 7,500 British adults followed since birth, those who had shown an internal locus of control at the age of 10 were less likely to be overweight at age 30, less likely to describe their health as poor, or show high levels of psychological stress.

The major explanation for these findings was that children with a more internal locus of control behave more healthily as adults because they have greater confidence in their ability to influence outcomes through their own actions. They may also have higher self-esteem.

26. It is stated in Paragraph1that locus of control is .

    1. intensively discussed by researchers
    2. familiar to most people
    3. a method to avoid failure
    4. a belief of what determines success

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是第一段中控制点为 。根据定位句regard the causes of his or her experiences and the factors to which that person attributes success or failure…,与D项描述相符。A选项原文没有提及，属于无中生有。B、C选 项与原文不符。

27. People with an internal locus of control tend to .

    1. categorize things as either good or bad
    2. be more motivated and hardworking
    3. feel they are not in control of their lives
    4. experience more anxiety than other people

    答案 B

    推理题。题目问的是有内部控制点的人更容易 根据第二段的 内容可知，内在控制点和外在控制点并无好坏之分，A选项属于信息拼凑，排除。 拥有内部控制点的人会把成功归因于自己的努力和能力，因此会更有动力，更努 力，与B选项内容相符。C选项的描述与原文矛盾，所以排除。D选项原文并未提 及，属于过度理解，排除。

28. Which of the following seems to be supported by psychological research?

    1. An external locus of control is better than an internal one.
    2. An external locus of control brings poor work performance.
    3. An internal locus of control is affected by luck or fate.
    4. An internal locus of control may lead to higher income.

    答案 D

    推理题。题目问的是哪一选项可以得到心理研究的支持。根据第 二段后一句可知，心理研究发现拥有更多内部控制点的人似乎过得更好，比如他 们往往更重成就，得到薪水更高的工作，与D选项描述一致。根据第二段的内容， A与原文矛盾，因为内控制点和外在控制点并无好坏之分。B、C选项属于信息 拼凑。

29. A more well-developed internal locus of control .

    1. is inherited from one's parents
    2. can be affected by childhood experiences
    3. should be trained at school by teachers
    4. is strengthened by financial independence

    答案 B

    推理题。题目问的是更发达的内在控制点 。根据定位句可 知，制点通常被认为是先天人格的组成部分。然而，有证据表明，它是由童年经 历塑造的，包括孩子与父母的互动，与B选项描述相符。A选项只是一般人们认为， 而B选项到了证据的证明。C、D选项原文并未提及。

30. Why does the author mentionaresearch study in the last paragraph?

    1. To show the benefits of internal locus of control.
    2. To compare the findings of psychological stress.
    3. To illustrate the importance of healthy habits.
    4. To explain the origin of locus of control.

    答案 A

    推理题。题目问的是作者在最后一段提到这项研究报告的原因。根 据定位句可知，作者在最后一段谈到这个研究是为了说明上文提到的拥有发达 的内在控点的好处，与A项描述相符。

Passage Three

I'm an oceanographer who focuses on the study of the ocean. One of my research interests is amphipods（片脚类动物）, a kind of tiny sea creature withasoft body andahard outer shell. Amphipods often live in the canyons（峡谷）under the sea. They areafood source for larger organisms, fueling the food chain and ultimately the species that humans catch and eat.

There are thousands upon thousands of amphipod species all over the world in fresh and salty water, from the surface to the deep sea. We can think of amphipods asakey species― one that helps indicate how healthy an ecosystem is—because they are so common across the oceans. This wasafactor in my decision to study them.

I didn't directly observe how the amphipod species lives its life. Instead, I compared what Iknew about it to studies of similar species. This allowed me to make assumptions about its lifestyle. For instance, amphipods have excellent "smell" detecting abilities because large food falls are few and far between.

For some female amphipods, finding these food falls is especially important because they must stuff themselves before reproducing. By the end of my studies, I was keenly aware of the difficulties in studying deep-sea organisms. The challenges are not just limited to accessing their habitats.

It's also tough to locate the organisms themselves. Finding amphipods in the deep, open ocean is like finding needles inahaystack. Scientists sometimes use large nets to scoop（舀取）up whatever is in the sea around them, but there's no guarantee that they'll get what they are looking for.

I presented my research atabig sustainability symposium, which allowed me to hear more about human activities that affect amphipods. Offshore oil exploration is one example. The process of looking for oil in the seafloor may reduce the availability of food for deep-sea organisms, including amphipods.

As their populations decrease, the food sources for larger organisms, like the fish we want to eat, start disappearing too. Amphipods and humans seem to be worlds apart. And yet harm to rarely seen organisms in the deepest darkest depths of the ocean could end up hurting us in the not-too-distant future.

31. The author decided to study amphipods because .

    1. they show the health condition of an ecosystem
    2. they areamain source of seafood for humans
    3. it's valuable to compare them with other species
    4. it's interesting to learn about their living habits

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是作者决定研究片脚类动物的原因。第一段 最后一句说"这就是我决定研究它们的原因",而this所指代的具体内容则在上一 句中出现"…amphipods asakey species—one that helps indicate how healthy an ecosystem is…",即"它们有助于标示生态系统的健康程度"。

32. Why are large food falls important for female amphipods?

    1. They are the only food source for amphipods.
    2. They help to attract male amphipods.
    3. They enhance amphipods' sense of smell.
    4. They are needed for amphipods' reproduction.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是大块食物的掉落对雌性片脚类动物很重 要的原因。根据定位句可知，是因为它们必须在繁殖前通过这些掉落食物来填 饱肚子。

33. The phrase "finding needles inahaystack" (Para 3) is used to indicate .

    1. the high cost of capturing amphipods
    2. the difficulty of finding amphipods in the sea
    3. the urgency in locating amphipods' habitats
    4. the challenge to tell amphipods from similar species

    答案 B

    释义题。题目问的是"finding needles inahaystack"指的是什么。 本段的中心句即本段首句"By the end of my studies, I was keenly aware of the difficulties in studying deep-sea organisms.",即这段主要是关于作者在研究深海 生物时的困难。而接下来的两句指出了具体的困难，即不但接近他们的栖息地 很困难，而且定位他们的准确位置也很难。所以作者用到了"finding needles in a haystack"字面意思是"像在干草堆里找针",意指很难找到他们。

34. Which of the following may bring harm to amphipods?

    1. Seasonal overfishing.
    2. Fish farming at sea.
    3. Exploring oil resources.
    4. Searching for sea organisms.

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是哪一种会对片脚类动物造成伤害。根据 定位句可知，在海底寻找石油的过程可能会减少包括片脚类动物在内的深 海生物的食物供应。而其他三项文中都没有提及。

35. What can be learned about the relations between amphipods and humans?

    1. Harm to amphipods will affect humans soon.
    2. Amphipods and humans live in separate worlds.
    3. Human activities lead to the growth of amphipods.
    4. Amphipods poseathreat to fishing industry.

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是片脚类动物和人类之间的关系。根据定位 句可知，对罕见生物(包括片脚类动物)的伤害会在不久的将来影响到人类。 与A选项符合。B 选项与原文矛盾，而C、D选项原文并未提及，属于无中生 有。

Passage Four

Europeans play football, and Americans play football; but surprisingly they do not play the same game. American football is played by men (and occasionally women) wearing helmets and protective clothing; the ball is oval. European football is played witharound ball, by people wearing just socks, shorts, a shirt, and football boots.

Americans have another popular outdoor game too—baseball, a classic American game that is only played seriously in North America. In Britain, a few people play an "ancestor" of baseball, called "rounders"—but it is notapopular sport. In today's "global village", lifestyles are becoming international.

Often the American model has spread to other countries of the world. American sports, however, have not spread all over the world, as American films and American fashions have. On the contrary, European sports have been more successful internationally. Indeed European football is slowly developing in the USA.

In motor racing too, though it is not reallyateam sport, the USA is different. In Europe, South America, Japan and other countries (including Canada), " motor racing" means "Formula 1"; Americans have IndyCar racing. The Indianapolis 500 is like aFormula1race, but different. Several famous Formula1drivers — including Nigel Mansell and Jacques Villeneuve—have won the race.

On the other hand, no American IndyCar drivers have ever been Formula1champions. Nevertheless, Americans are beginning to discover Formula 1 racing, since the first American Grand Prix. Besides these big sports, America of course has basketball — perhaps the most successful export.

Invented at Springfield College, Massachusetts, in 1891, basketball is quite certainly an "American game". Although it is not as big in Europe as in the USA, basketball has become much more popular in other countries than any other American team sport. Why is America different? The answer is simple.

Until the 1960's, team sports were not played onaglobal scale. The only real "global" sports were individual sports, such as golf and tennis. A hundred years ago, individual rich Americans could travel to Europe on holiday, and play these two games. But whole teams of sportsmen did not often travel around the world, it was too expensive and slow!

36. Which statement is true about the description of football?

    1. American football is round while European's is oval.
    2. European football players wear protective clothing.
    3. American football is mainly played by males.
    4. Rules for football games are similar across the world.

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是对于足球的描述哪个正确。在第一段可知 欧式足球和美式足球不同：欧式足球是圆形的；美式足球是椭圆形的，并且 要穿防护衣，由男子踢(偶尔会有女子踢),故A、B、D选项均与原文信息矛盾， 只有C选项"美式足球主要由男子踢"符合原文，

37. What can we learn about the current "global village" (Para.3)?

    1. Globalization of lifestyles is taking place.
    2. American sports are as popular as its films worldwide.
    3. European football has replaced American football.
    4. Different cultures have shaped the American model.

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是对当前地球村的了解。利用"global village" 定位到第 三段第一句：在今天的"地球村"中，生活方式正在变得国际化。A 选项说全球化的生活方式正在发生，与文章内容相符。而第三段中还说明美 国的体育运动并没有像美国电影和美国时尚那样传遍世界，B选项与之矛盾； 第三段最后说欧洲体育运动更成功，也在美国慢慢发展，并没有说取代了美 式足球，故C 项错误；D 选项的内容在文中并未提及，属于无中生有。

38. American motor racing drivers .

    1. are opposed to Formula1racing
    2. often win Formulalrace
    3. have strong team spirit
    4. take part in IndyCar racing

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是美国的赛车手 。定位句说在欧洲、南 美、日本和包括加拿大的其他国家，赛车比赛指的是一级方程式比赛，而美 国人有印地赛车比赛。与C 选项美国人参加印地赛车比赛相符。但不能说明美 国赛车手抵制一级方程式比赛，故A选项错误；B选项也与原文表达的"没有 美国印地赛车手是F1冠军"相矛盾，故B选项错误；C选项原文没有提及，排除。

39. According to Paragraph 5, American basketball .

    1. reserves its unique American style
    2. was brought in by Europeans in the 19th century
    3. has spread to many other countries
    4. is the most popular team sport in Europe

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是根据第五段，美国篮球 。根据定位句 可知：尽管篮球在欧洲不像在美国那么受欢迎，但它在其他国家比任何其他 美国的团体体育项目都要受欢迎得多。与C 选项相符。这里指在别的国家受 欢迎，并没有说在欧洲是最受欢迎的体育项目，D 选项与文章矛盾。A、B 选 项在原文没有提及。

40. American team sports were difficult to spread internationally due to .

    1. high travelling cost
    2. lack of team spirit
    3. fierce competition
    4. high demand of skills

    答案 A

    细节题。题目问的是美国的团体体育项目很难在国际上传播的 原因。根据定位句可知是因为团队体育运动想要在国际上传播，耗费金额大 且传播速度慢，A选项"旅行费用高"与原文相符。B、C、D原文中都没有提及。

Blog and Comments

blog and comments are followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four choices A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. World Mental Health (WMH) Day, on 10 October, isaday to raise awareness of the effects mental illness has on millions of people's lives across the world, and to help educate and inform us all.

Around the world, one in four people will have some mental illness during their lifetime. Around 450 million people are living withamental health problem right now, making it one of the biggest health issues in the world. Yet people rarely talk about any mental health problems they have because it is humiliating.

WMH Day was first celebrated in 1992 to raise awareness of just how common mental health issues are, fight against stigma(污名) and campaign for better conditions and treatment for people who haveamental health problem. The number of people and organizations involved in celebrating WMH Day has grown and grown, and now many countries, such as Australia, even have aMental Health Week.

Each year there isadifferent theme. For example, in 2017 the theme was mental health in the workplace. WMH Day encourages us to be more aware of both our own mental health and other people's. As well as looking after yourself, think about how you could support other people. For example, you could find out more about common issues such as anxiety and depression, so you will understand friends' and colleagues' problems better.

You could also encourage your workplace to startawellness program that would benefit everyone. Companies with wellness programs have found employees take 28 per cent less time off for sickness.

41. Which of the following is true about mental illness around the world?

    1. It is not as serious as people think.
    2. A majority of people suffer from it.
    3. A shameful feeling is attached to it.
    4. People are eager to understand it.

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是对全球精神健康问题的描述哪个是正确的。 根据定位句可知，很少有人会谈论自己患有精神健康问题，因为会觉得丢脸。C 选项与之相符。在第一段中提到设立精神卫生日的目的就是为了提高人们对精 神健康影响的认识，说明人们对该健康问题的重视不够，与A、D选项内容矛 盾。第二段第一句讲：四分之一的人会患有精神疾病，所以并不是大多数，与 B选项矛盾。

42. What can we learn about WMH Day?

    1. It was first celebrated in Australia.
    2. Millions of people celebrate it every year.
    3. Mental health in the workplace is the constant theme.
    4. It advocates care of mental health for oneself and others.

    答案 D

    细节题。题目问的是对于WMH Day 的了解。根据定位句可知， 世界精神卫生日鼓励我们更加关注自己和他人的精神健康，与D选项内容相符。 第三段第一句说世界精神卫生日于1992年首次庆祝，但并没有说明在哪个国家。 澳大利亚只是设立了精神健康周的国家之一，所以A选项属于信息拼凑，不正 确。文中说参与庆祝世界卫生日的个人和组织越来越多，并没有提到具体的人数， B选项属于无中生有。C选项说工作场所的精神健康是精神卫生日不变的主题， 与第三段最后两句内容矛盾。

43. According to Comment 1, what may result in mental illness?

    1. Unfair treatment.
    2. Limited access to the Internet.
    3. Tense human relations.
    4. Negative attitude.

    答案 D

    推理题。题目问的是根据评论1,哪一项会导致精神疾病。评论1 认为减少上网时间，避免消极情绪对于精神健康很重要。即上网时间过多和消 极情绪容易导致抑郁、焦虑等精神问题。D 选项"消极情绪"与评论内容吻合。A、 C选项在评论中没有提及，B选项"限制上网",是评论者支持的健康生活方式，不是 导致精神健康问题的原因，属于逻辑相反。

44. Which comment stresses people's unwillingness to admit their mental problems?

    1. Comment 2.
    2. Comment 3.
    3. Comment 4.
    4. Comment 5.

    答案 C

    细节题。题目问的是哪个评论强调人们不愿意承认他们的精神问 题。五个评论中，只有评论4在讨论人们对待精神问题的态度，该部分开头就 指出：很难说服一个人承认他/她有精神问题。

45. Which comments call for consistent efforts to improve mental health?

    1. Comment1and Comment 3.
    2. Comment2and Comment 5.
    3. Comment1and Comment 4.
    4. Comment3and Comment 5.

    答案 B

    细节题。评论2最后一句提到希望精神健康教育成为日常，评论5 最后表述：不应该只是在特殊的某一天关注，而应该每天都谈论。